Yin gyaran ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe
1. Ƙarfin yin amfani da ƙarfi
Babbar matsalar da ke tattare da yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin ƙarfe mai kauri ita ce, fim ɗin oxide da ke saman yana shafar jika da yaɗuwar solder sosai. Karfe daban-daban na bakin ƙarfe suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na Cr, wasu kuma suna ɗauke da Ni, Ti, Mn, Mo, Nb da sauran abubuwa, waɗanda za su iya samar da nau'ikan oxides ko ma oxides masu haɗaka a saman. Daga cikinsu, oxides Cr2O3 da TiO2 na Cr da Ti suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma suna da wahalar cirewa. Lokacin yin amfani da ƙarfe a cikin iska, dole ne a yi amfani da kwararar aiki don cire su; Lokacin yin amfani da ƙarfe a cikin yanayi mai kariya, ana iya rage fim ɗin oxide ne kawai a cikin yanayi mai tsarki tare da ƙarancin zafin raɓa da isasshen zafin jiki; A cikin yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri, yana da mahimmanci a sami isasshen injin da isasshen zafin jiki don cimma kyakkyawan tasirin ƙarfe.
Wata matsala ta yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri a bakin ƙarfe ita ce zafin jiki na dumama yana da tasiri sosai ga tsarin ƙarfe mai tushe. Zafin zafi na ƙarfe mai kauri a austenitic ba zai wuce 1150 ℃ ba, in ba haka ba hatsin zai yi girma sosai; Idan ƙarfe mai kauri a austenitic bai ƙunshi sinadarin Ti ko Nb mai ƙarfi ba kuma yana da yawan sinadarin carbon, haka nan za a guji yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi (500 ~ 850 ℃). Don hana raguwar juriyar tsatsa saboda ruwan sama na chromium carbide. Zaɓin zafin jiki na yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri a martensitic ya fi tsauri. Ɗaya shine daidaita zafin jiki na yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri da zafin jiki mai kauri, don haɗa tsarin yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri da tsarin yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri; ɗayan kuma shine cewa zafin jiki na yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da zafin jiki mai kauri don hana ƙarfe mai kauri a lokacin yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri. Ka'idar zaɓin zafin jiki na yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri a kan hazo iri ɗaya ne da na ƙarfe mai kauri a martensitic, wato, zafin jiki na yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri dole ne ya dace da tsarin yin amfani da zafi don samun mafi kyawun kaddarorin injiniya.
Baya ga manyan matsaloli guda biyu da aka ambata a sama, akwai yiwuwar tsagewar damuwa lokacin da ake yin bracing austenitic bakin karfe, musamman lokacin da ake yin bracing da ƙarfe mai cike da zinc na jan karfe. Domin gujewa tsagewar damuwa, dole ne a rage matsin lamba kafin a yi bracing, kuma a dumama aikin a lokaci guda yayin bracing.
2. Kayan aikin ƙarfafawa
(1) Dangane da buƙatun amfani da walda na bakin ƙarfe, ƙarfen cika brazing da aka saba amfani da shi don walda na bakin ƙarfe sun haɗa da ƙarfen cika brazing na Tin Lead, ƙarfen cika brazing na azurfa, ƙarfen cika brazing na jan ƙarfe, ƙarfen cika brazing na manganese, ƙarfen cika brazing na nickel da ƙarfen cika brazing mai daraja.
Ana amfani da sinadarin ƙarfe na ƙarfe wajen haɗa ƙarfe da ƙarfe, kuma ya dace da samun sinadarin ƙarfe mai yawa. Mafi girman sinadarin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, haka nan kuma ƙarfinsa zai fi kyau a yi amfani da shi a kan ƙarfe. Ƙarfin yankewar haɗin ƙarfe na 1Cr18Ni9Ti da aka yi amfani da shi tare da wasu sinadarai na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na yau da kullun an jera su a cikin Jadawali na 3. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin haɗin, ana amfani da su ne kawai don sassan ƙarfe masu ƙaramin ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya.
Tebur 3 Ƙarfin yankewa na haɗin bakin ƙarfe 1Cr18Ni9Ti wanda aka yi da ƙarfe mai kauri
Karfe mai cike da azurfa su ne karafan cika da aka fi amfani da su wajen yin amfani da bakin karfe na brazing. Daga cikinsu, karfen zinc na azurfa da kuma karfen zinc cadmium na jan karfe ana amfani da su sosai saboda zafin brazing ba shi da wani tasiri a kan halayen karfen tushe. An lissafa ƙarfin haɗin bakin karfe na ICr18Ni9Ti da aka yi amfani da shi da wasu solders na azurfa a cikin Jadawali na 4. Ba a cika amfani da haɗin bakin karfe da aka yi amfani da solders na azurfa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata sosai ba, kuma zafin aiki na haɗin gwiwa gabaɗaya bai wuce 300 ℃ ba. Lokacin yin amfani da bakin karfe ba tare da nickel ba, don hana tsatsa na haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanayi mai danshi, za a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai cike da nickel, kamar b-ag50cuzncdni. Lokacin yin amfani da ƙarfe mai cike da martensitic, don hana laushin ƙarfe na tushe, za a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai cike da brazing tare da zafin brazing wanda bai wuce 650 ℃ ba, kamar b-ag40cuzncd. Lokacin da ake yin bracing bakin karfe a cikin yanayi mai kariya, domin a cire fim ɗin oxide da ke saman, ana iya amfani da lithium mai ɗauke da brazing flux, kamar b-ag92culi da b-ag72culi. Lokacin da ake yin brasing bakin karfe a cikin injin tsabtace iska, domin a sa ƙarfen cika ya kasance yana da danshi mai kyau lokacin da ba ya ɗauke da abubuwa kamar Zn da CD waɗanda ke da sauƙin ƙafewa, ana iya zaɓar abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ƙarfen cika azurfa kamar Mn, Ni da RD.
Tebur na 4 ƙarfin haɗin bakin ƙarfe ICr18Ni9Ti wanda aka yi da ƙarfe mai cikewa bisa azurfa
Karfe masu cikawa na jan ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don yin aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe daban-daban galibi ƙarfe ne na jan ƙarfe, nickel na jan ƙarfe da kuma cobalt na jan ƙarfe. Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai cikawa na jan ƙarfe sosai don yin aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin kariyar iskar gas ko injin tsotsa. Zafin aiki na haɗin bakin ƙarfe bai wuce 400 ℃ ba, amma haɗin yana da ƙarancin juriya ga iskar shaka. Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai cikawa na jan ƙarfe na nickel musamman don yin aikin ƙarfafa harshen wuta da kuma yin aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe. An nuna ƙarfin haɗin bakin ƙarfe na 1Cr18Ni9Ti da aka yi wa ado a cikin Jadawali na 5. Ana iya ganin cewa haɗin yana da ƙarfi iri ɗaya da ƙarfe na tushe, kuma zafin aiki yana da yawa. Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai cikawa na Cu Mn co musamman don yin aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe na martensitic a cikin yanayi mai kariya. Ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa da zafin aiki suna kama da waɗanda aka yi wa aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe na zinariya. Misali, haɗin bakin ƙarfe na 1Cr13 da aka yi wa aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe na b-cu58mnco yana da aiki iri ɗaya da haɗin bakin ƙarfe iri ɗaya da aka yi wa aikin ƙarfafa ƙarfe na b-au82ni (duba Jadawali na 6), amma farashin samarwa ya ragu sosai.
Tebur 5 Ƙarfin yankewa na haɗin bakin ƙarfe na 1Cr18Ni9Ti wanda aka yi wa ado da ƙarfe mai cike tushen jan ƙarfe mai zafi
Tebur 6 Ƙarfin yankewa na haɗin gwiwa na ƙarfe mai ƙarfe 1Cr13
Ana amfani da ƙarfen cikawa na tushen manganese don yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kariya daga iskar gas, kuma ana buƙatar tsarkin iskar gas ya kasance mai yawa. Domin guje wa haɓakar hatsi na ƙarfen tushe, ya kamata a zaɓi ƙarfen cikawa na ƙarfe mai dacewa tare da zafin brazing ƙasa da 1150 ℃. Ana iya samun tasirin brazing mai gamsarwa ga haɗin bakin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da solder bisa manganese, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur 7. Zafin aiki na haɗin zai iya kaiwa 600 ℃.
Tebur 7 Ƙarfin yankewa na haɗin bakin ƙarfe na lcr18ni9fi wanda aka yi da ƙarfe mai cikewa bisa manganese
Idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfe mai cike tushen nickel, haɗin yana da kyakkyawan aiki mai kyau a yanayin zafi. Ana amfani da wannan ƙarfe mai cikewa gabaɗaya don yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kariya daga iskar gas ko kuma yin amfani da injin tsotsa. Domin shawo kan matsalar da ake samu wajen samar da ƙarin sinadarai masu rauni a cikin haɗin gwiwa yayin haɗuwa, wanda ke rage ƙarfi da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa sosai, ya kamata a rage gibin haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin sauƙi don samar da yanayin brittle a cikin solder sun bazu gaba ɗaya cikin ƙarfe na tushe. Domin hana faruwar haɓakar hatsi na tushe saboda dogon lokacin riƙewa a zafin jiki na brazing, ana iya ɗaukar tsarin ɗaukar riƙo na ɗan lokaci da kuma maganin yaɗuwa a ƙananan zafin jiki (idan aka kwatanta da zafin brazing) bayan walda.
Karfe masu cika ƙarfe da ake amfani da su wajen yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri da ake amfani da shi wajen yin amfani da ƙarfe mai kauri da aka yi ...
(2) Saman bakin karfe a cikin yanayin kwararar iska da tanderu yana ɗauke da oxides kamar Cr2O3 da TiO2, waɗanda za a iya cirewa ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da kwararar iska mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka yi wa bakin karfe bracing da tin lead solder, kwararar da ta dace ita ce maganin ruwa na phosphoric acid ko maganin hydrochloric acid na zinc oxide. Lokacin aiki na maganin ruwa na phosphoric acid gajere ne, don haka dole ne a yi amfani da hanyar brazing ta dumama mai sauri. Ana iya amfani da kwararar Fb102, fb103 ko fb104 don brazing bakin karfe tare da ƙarfe mai cike da azurfa. Lokacin brazing bakin karfe tare da ƙarfe mai cike da tagulla, ana amfani da kwararar fb105 saboda yawan zafin brazing.
Lokacin da ake yin amfani da ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe a cikin tanderu, ana amfani da iskar gas ko yanayin kariya kamar hydrogen, argon da ammonia. A lokacin yin amfani da iskar gas, matsin lamba na iskar gas zai kasance ƙasa da 10-2Pa. Lokacin yin amfani da iskar gas a cikin yanayi mai kariya, ba zai wuce -40 ℃ ba. Idan tsarkin iskar gas bai isa ba ko kuma zafin wutar bai yi yawa ba, za a iya ƙara ƙaramin adadin iskar gas, kamar boron trifluoride, zuwa ga yanayi.
2. Fasahar yin amfani da injin gasawa
Dole ne a tsaftace bakin karfe sosai kafin a yi amfani da shi wajen yin amfani da shi don cire duk wani mai da kuma fim ɗin mai. Ya fi kyau a yi amfani da shi nan da nan bayan an tsaftace shi.
Gilashin ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe na iya amfani da hanyoyin dumama matsakaici na harshen wuta, induction da tanderu. Dole ne tanda don yin gila a cikin tanderu ta kasance tana da tsarin kula da zafin jiki mai kyau (ana buƙatar karkacewar zafin jiki na gilau ya zama ± 6 ℃) kuma ana iya sanyaya shi da sauri. Lokacin da ake amfani da hydrogen a matsayin iskar kariya don gilau, buƙatun hydrogen sun dogara ne akan zafin jiki na gilau da abun da ke cikin ƙarfe na tushe, wato, ƙarancin zafin jiki na gilau, ƙarin ƙarfe na tushe yana ɗauke da mai daidaitawa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙaramin wurin raɓa na hydrogen. Misali, ga ƙarfe maratensitic kamar 1Cr13 da cr17ni2t, lokacin yin gilau a 1000 ℃, ana buƙatar wurin raɓa na hydrogen ya zama ƙasa da -40 ℃; Ga ƙarfe mai ƙarfe nickel na chromium 18-8 ba tare da mai daidaitawa ba, wurin raɓa na hydrogen zai zama ƙasa da 25 ℃ yayin gilau a 1150 ℃; Duk da haka, ga bakin karfe mai ƙarfin 1Cr18Ni9Ti wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin titanium stabilizer, dole ne wurin hydrogen dew ya kasance ƙasa da -40 ℃ lokacin da ake yin brazing a 1150 ℃. Lokacin yin brazing da kariyar argon, ana buƙatar tsarkin argon ya zama mafi girma. Idan an yi wa jan ƙarfe ko nickel fenti a saman bakin karfe, ana iya rage buƙatar tsarkake iskar gas mai kariya. Domin tabbatar da cire fim ɗin oxide a saman bakin karfe, ana iya ƙara kwararar iskar gas ta BF3, kuma ana iya amfani da lithium ko boron mai ɗauke da iskar flux mai ƙarfi. Lokacin yin brazing da bakin karfe mai ƙarfin vacuum, buƙatun matakin vacuum ya dogara ne akan zafin brazing. Tare da ƙaruwar zafin brazing, ana iya rage injin da ake buƙata.
Babban aikin ƙarfen bakin ƙarfe bayan an yi amfani da shi wajen yin amfani da ƙarfen bakin ƙarfe shine a tsaftace ruwan da ke hana kwararar ruwa da sauran ruwa, sannan a yi amfani da shi wajen yin amfani da shi bayan an yi amfani da shi wajen yin ...
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-13-2022